NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Chapter 10 - Natural Vegetation and Wild Life of India

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(d) Tropical evergreen.

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(a) 100 cm

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(c) Odisha

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(a) Manas

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The distribution of plants and animals is determined primarily by the following factors:
(a) Climate
(b) Soil
(c) Relief
(d) Drainage.

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There is a great biological diversity of our land. Vast areas have been reserved for the preservation and protection of flora and fauna of the country in their natural form. Such areas are called Bio-reserves. In these areas, natural plants and animals are protected for the use of future generations. The first biosphere in India was set up at Nilgiri covering an area of 5520 sq. km. Another biosphere was set up at Nanda Devi in Uttarakhand.

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Tropical—Tiger
Montane—Yak

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Types of Forests: Due to variation in rainfall, temperature and altitude, there is great variety of natural vegetation in India. The following different types of forests are found in India:

(i) The Tropical Rainforests: These forests are found in areas where annual rainfall is more than 200 cms and the mean temperature is more than 20°C. These forests are found in western parts of the Western Ghats, Plains of West Bengal, Odisha, Eastern Himalayas and the Andaman Islands.
(ii) The Monsoon or Tropical Deciduous Forests: These forests are found in the areas where rainfall is between 70 cm and 200 cm. These trees shed their leaves in the hot dry season. So these are called deciduous forests. These forests are found in Terai, Chhotanagpur Plateau (Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh): eastern slopes of the Western Ghats and eastern part of peninsular India. These are not dense forests.
(iii) Thorn Forests and Scrubs: These forests grow where the annual rainfall is less than 70 cm. These are found in parts of eastern Rajasthan, Saurashtra, Malwa Plateau (M.P.), Southern Haryana, S.W. Uttar Pradesh and the Karnataka Plateau.
(iv) The Tidal Forests: These forests are found in deltas of rivers in the coastal areas. These are called Tidal forests of Deltaic forests. These forests are found in Ganga—Brahmaputra Delta, Delta of Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri. These are marshy areas. In West Bengal, the the Ganga and Brahmaputra forms a delta, the forests here are called Sundarbans because the Sundari trees are found in this area.
(v) Montane Forests: The vegetation varies from temperate forests to temperate grasslands followed by Alpine vegetation to Tundra vegetation. These are found in the Himalayan states like Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttrakhand and Sikkim. The common trees found in Montane forests include Oaks, Pine, Deodar, silver fir, mosses and lichens, etc.

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India has a diversity of wild animals, but many rare species have become extinct in India. The two examples of endangered species are the one-horned rhinos and the Great Indian Bustard.
Biosphere reserves are vast areas established for the preservation of wild animals. These reserves are used for the protection of rare species of animals found in India. Wildlife is a natural resource. It is conserved for the use of future generations.

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Vegetation has a close relation with the environment. India has varied relief, landforms, terrain, soil types and climatic conditions (temperature and rainfall). As a result, a great variety of flora is found in India. India possesses about 47,000 different species of plants. Nearly 5000 species are found exclusively in India, out of which, 40% of them are exotic plants.
In the Himalayan region, the vegetation varies according to altitude ranging from tropical forests to Alpine grasslands. The country is rich in flowering plants according to the duration of the growing season. India is rich in non-flowering plants like ferns, algae and fungi. Natural vegetation varies according to the amount of summer rainfall ranging from tropical rainforest, monsoon forests and dry forests. The natural vegetation varies as forests, grasslands and scrubs as the rainfall decreases. Thus, India has a diverse flora.

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The southern slopes of the Himalayan region receive heavy rainfall, which helps in the growth of vegetation quickly. The soil here is also suitable for the growth of vegetation. On the other hand, northern slopes of the Himalayas always remain covered with snow due to high altitude.

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The western slopes of the western ghats covered with thick forest because they receive more than 300 cms of rainfall annually. It helps in the growth of thick forests here.
The eastern slopes of the western ghats lies in a rain shadow area. This region receive scanty rainfall. Hence, plant (vegetation) growth is very thin here.

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(i) Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Meghalaya and Tripura.
(ii) Delhi, Puducherry and Chandigarh.

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According to the map and the table given of area under forest, there are various reasons as to why certain states have low and certain areas have high area of forest cover. (i) State of Development: North-eastern states like Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Meghalaya and Tripura along with the island states of Andaman and Nicobar islands and the Lakshadweep islands have a large number of area under forest cover as these states have a low level of development.
(ii) Agriculturally dominant: States like Haryana, Punjab, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh are agriculturally dominant states. Forest cover has been cut down to facilitate the growing of crops.
(iii) Infrastructure: States like Maharashtra, Delhi, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Odisha have low forest cover as the level of infrastructure is very high. These states offer world class amenities along with well developed transport system.
(iv) Rugged Terrain: Union territory of Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, along with the North-eastern states have high forest cover as these have rugged terrain. Agriculture is less developed and the construction of transport facilities is not possible.

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These are mountain forests. Important trees of these forests are Pine, Deodor, Silver Fir and Cedar.

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(i) Dwindling of wildlife species.
(ii) Duck, Indian vulture, Himalayan Quail, Great Indian Bustard, Gundia Indian Frog, Himalayan Wolf, Javan Rhinoceros, Indian Dolphin, Pink-Headed-duck, Indian Rhinoceros and Black Buck.
(iii) (a) Government has as set up bio-reserve.
(b) 89 National parks and 490 wildlife sancturies have been opened to preserve forests animals.
(c) Zoological gardens have been set up to take care of natural heritage.